Q. When did you first know you were Multiple? - Marcy
A: I was diagnosed with Dissociative Identity Disorder in the summer of 1996. I was already aware that I was Multiple before the official diagnosis got applied, but there was still something oddly heavy, scary, and final about having a Psychologist and a Psychiatrist confirm it (when I hadn't told them my suspicion).
It's hard to answer the question of "When did you first know you were Multiple?" Who, exactly, are you asking? Because some of us inside knew almost two decades before others inside found out! But there is also the complication that when you are a young kid, you think you are normal because you don't have a lot of reference points yet to compare with. And that's especially true when talking about trying to figure out if your brain works the same as everyone else.
As far as we can tell, I became a We at age two or three. "How do you know your memory is from that age? That's an awfully long time ago!" yes, it is an awfully long time ago for most of us. But some of my parts are frozen in time, and that's not far away from their perspective. The way I'm able to age most of my memories though is because my family moved every year or two, so I can figure out the years based on what house I'm remembering. I've also verified details and memories of houses and ages with my mom, and the records she has of our moves.
Anyway, we continued to make alters to help deal with new challenges (moving, school, church, friends, continued abuse, different abusers, etc.) until the abuse stopped at age 14. I, Selah, didn't meet the others until college. I was created to go to school, and protected from knowing about the others so I wouldn't also have to know about the abuse. When they began to make themselves known to me, I felt like my world was being ripped apart, like I was being shredded apart. I began to question everything, and I trusted nothing, especially not them.
I knew we were different from our peers early in life, before school even started. Mostly because I understood my father's threats that the abuse was a secret that had to be protected at all costs. I withdrew from my peers because it was the easiest way to protect the secret. We knew being Multiple was something we had to hide by the time we were 6 or 7. Which is why Selah got created, because we needed a unified appearance and memory for learning for school.
Things began to unravel in college. That's when it became painfully obvious to me, Selah, that there were others sharing my life and my body. And they started to really show me the holes in my memory and daily life. I remember my mom came to visit me in college and a lady came up to me and asked how I was doing and what I was up to, normal chit chat for someone who knows you. But I didn't know her. She asked who I was with and I had to figure out how to introduce my mother to a stranger who seemed to know me. I was mortified. My mom caught on and helped introduce herself, then later asked me what happened. I told her the truth: I had no idea who that lady was. I speculated that she had me mistaken for someone else.
Later that night I got shown of memory that I had been in a writing class with that woman earlier that year. But I didn't remember the class either! It was a month long semester in January where my college offered unusual classes, and the more I tried to think about it the more I realized I didn't remember January! I asked my best friend about the class casually, and she had taken the class with me. Oh vey.
Another stark slap in the face was when I found myself in second year college Spanish one day and realized I didn't understand a single word! The alter who had learned Spanish had decided that she was no longer going to be in class. I was confused, ashamed, and mostly pissed. How was I suppose to pass a class in a foreign language that I never learned?!
Good times ;-)
So, we began to unravel and start tearing down the internal amnesia in 1993, with Selah really finding out starting in 1994. Recovery really started for us because we were finally away from the father for the first time. It was finally safe to feel and remember again. But it also became necessary to get Selah to know because we knew we had to confront the father before he had the chance to abuse grandkids that were hitting the "right ages" for them to be at risk of sexual abuse. We did confront him in 1995, which really opened the floodgates for even more alters and memories to come out of the closet for all insiders to face. That's when recovery became a real life or death deal, one we weren't always sure we'd survive. But we knew that to avoid recovery was an absolute one-way ticket to suicide.
Sunday, August 28, 2011
Friday, August 26, 2011
DID without abuse history?
Q: Is it possible to have DID if I haven't been abused? - Anon
A: Yes, for two reasons. First of all, since a critical part of Dissociative Identity Disorder is amnesia, it is possible that not all alters know about the abuse. Secondly, a lot of things can be traumatic enough to cause DID without necessarily being something you would call abuse, if you're only using that term to mean physical or sexual abuse. Severe and recurrent trauma can be caused by abuse (physical, sexual, verbal/emotional), extreme neglect (isolation, imprisonment, withholding or inaccessible food/water, etc.), or significant acts of violence that carry a significant risk to health or life (natural disasters, wars, refugee camps, etc.). But while research shows a very strong link, with the expectation of a causual relationship, between early childhood abuse or trauma and DID, the clinical diagnostic criteria for Dissociative Identity Disorder does not require a trauma history.
A few people with Dissociative Identity Disorder do claim that they have no memories of abuse, and feel that they have adequate knowledge of their internal system for them to be able to rule out that the abuse memories are simply blocked by amnesia. Some believe that they simply created their system because they were very bright, creative, or imaginative enough to create the DID.
Clinically this is unexpected. I would encourage someone who has symptoms of severe dissociation, with no reasonable memories of trauma to explain their symptoms, and who has thoroughly explored this issue in counseling, to seek a full evaluation to also rule out medical or neurobiological conditions that may be underlying their condition (ie, tumors, seizures, brain injury, etc). I would also want to rule out other mental illnesses that can have dissociation symptoms such as Bipolar, Borderline, Schizophrenia, and Schizoaffective disorders.
A: Yes, for two reasons. First of all, since a critical part of Dissociative Identity Disorder is amnesia, it is possible that not all alters know about the abuse. Secondly, a lot of things can be traumatic enough to cause DID without necessarily being something you would call abuse, if you're only using that term to mean physical or sexual abuse. Severe and recurrent trauma can be caused by abuse (physical, sexual, verbal/emotional), extreme neglect (isolation, imprisonment, withholding or inaccessible food/water, etc.), or significant acts of violence that carry a significant risk to health or life (natural disasters, wars, refugee camps, etc.). But while research shows a very strong link, with the expectation of a causual relationship, between early childhood abuse or trauma and DID, the clinical diagnostic criteria for Dissociative Identity Disorder does not require a trauma history.
A few people with Dissociative Identity Disorder do claim that they have no memories of abuse, and feel that they have adequate knowledge of their internal system for them to be able to rule out that the abuse memories are simply blocked by amnesia. Some believe that they simply created their system because they were very bright, creative, or imaginative enough to create the DID.
Clinically this is unexpected. I would encourage someone who has symptoms of severe dissociation, with no reasonable memories of trauma to explain their symptoms, and who has thoroughly explored this issue in counseling, to seek a full evaluation to also rule out medical or neurobiological conditions that may be underlying their condition (ie, tumors, seizures, brain injury, etc). I would also want to rule out other mental illnesses that can have dissociation symptoms such as Bipolar, Borderline, Schizophrenia, and Schizoaffective disorders.
Sunday, August 21, 2011
How do I get to know the others inside?
Q. How do I get to know the others inside? - Cheryl
A: With time, patience, acceptance, and by not forcing them to be known. Think of it like meeting a new person in real life. If you approach them directly, start asking personal questions, demand they explain their presence, seem angry or scared that they are there, etc., they are going to blow you off, leave, or get angry.
Most people with Dissociative Identity Disorder seem to start their internal communication through writing or drawing. I'd recommend a diary or notebook. Write letters to them and invite them to write you back. But keep writing even if they don't respond. Chances are they are listening and seeing if you're safe and to make sure you're really ready to meet them. Sometimes having pens and pencils of different colors and even thickness (for young ones) help others inside be willing to share their writing or drawings back.
Once people start communicating, it can be helpful to start making a family tree or system map of your insiders. Most people want to know if that alter has a name, an age, a gender, and when they were created or what job they have inside. As you fill in the details you'll also start to know more about their likes, dislikes, temperament, etc. And can add that to the family map. A spreadsheet can be a good tool because you can sort by age, genders, etc. And it's easy to add in new people or new information as it becomes available.
Just take your time. This isn't a fast process for most people. Many alters have spent years in hiding from insiders and outsiders, so it's going to take time to build up their trust in you and their trust in their safety.
A new iPhone app we like is UFace which gives us the ability to draw faces of what people look like inside even though we have no real drawing ability!
A: With time, patience, acceptance, and by not forcing them to be known. Think of it like meeting a new person in real life. If you approach them directly, start asking personal questions, demand they explain their presence, seem angry or scared that they are there, etc., they are going to blow you off, leave, or get angry.
Most people with Dissociative Identity Disorder seem to start their internal communication through writing or drawing. I'd recommend a diary or notebook. Write letters to them and invite them to write you back. But keep writing even if they don't respond. Chances are they are listening and seeing if you're safe and to make sure you're really ready to meet them. Sometimes having pens and pencils of different colors and even thickness (for young ones) help others inside be willing to share their writing or drawings back.
Once people start communicating, it can be helpful to start making a family tree or system map of your insiders. Most people want to know if that alter has a name, an age, a gender, and when they were created or what job they have inside. As you fill in the details you'll also start to know more about their likes, dislikes, temperament, etc. And can add that to the family map. A spreadsheet can be a good tool because you can sort by age, genders, etc. And it's easy to add in new people or new information as it becomes available.
Just take your time. This isn't a fast process for most people. Many alters have spent years in hiding from insiders and outsiders, so it's going to take time to build up their trust in you and their trust in their safety.
A new iPhone app we like is UFace which gives us the ability to draw faces of what people look like inside even though we have no real drawing ability!
Reparenting young alters?
Q. What about young alters who want to go through re-parenting in therapy before they agree to age or integrate? - Angela
A: I am not a fan of outsiders reparenting alters. Too many counseling clients have become overly enmeshed or dependent upon counselors and other professionals who thought reparenting was a great idea. We have seen a few Dissociative Identity Disorder autobiographies that showcase this style, and failure, of treatment.
I believe insiders have the ability, the responsibility, and the skills to reparent younger alters. Most systems even have these older, wiser, calmer alters already created. They are there for a reason! Use them for that! I don't think we create these caretakers and protectors by accident.
I fear that depending on an outsider to reparent leaves alters too open for more hurt, abuse, abandonment, and even a slower recovery. Why? Because an outsider is never with you 24/7. An outsider will always lose patience with your needs sometimes because of their own needs and stressful life. An outsider will either start to resent your needs, or will become attached to the role of caretaker or special friend and may not want you to recover because they want to maintain that role. They may not even realize they are sabotaging your recovery, because they really usually do want to help you by giving you comfort and support. But it's a fine line between support and enabling.
So reparent from within. You have the resources. Plus reparenting inside helps the whole system learn how to take care of themselves, the body, and even how to nurture other relationships in their lives. That way both the reparent and the reparented grow from the process.
A: I am not a fan of outsiders reparenting alters. Too many counseling clients have become overly enmeshed or dependent upon counselors and other professionals who thought reparenting was a great idea. We have seen a few Dissociative Identity Disorder autobiographies that showcase this style, and failure, of treatment.
I believe insiders have the ability, the responsibility, and the skills to reparent younger alters. Most systems even have these older, wiser, calmer alters already created. They are there for a reason! Use them for that! I don't think we create these caretakers and protectors by accident.
I fear that depending on an outsider to reparent leaves alters too open for more hurt, abuse, abandonment, and even a slower recovery. Why? Because an outsider is never with you 24/7. An outsider will always lose patience with your needs sometimes because of their own needs and stressful life. An outsider will either start to resent your needs, or will become attached to the role of caretaker or special friend and may not want you to recover because they want to maintain that role. They may not even realize they are sabotaging your recovery, because they really usually do want to help you by giving you comfort and support. But it's a fine line between support and enabling.
So reparent from within. You have the resources. Plus reparenting inside helps the whole system learn how to take care of themselves, the body, and even how to nurture other relationships in their lives. That way both the reparent and the reparented grow from the process.
Appropriate to share therapy notes?
Q. My therapist feels its not appropriate to share her notes and findings and theories on me with me, for fear it could inhibit progress. Is that right? - Rowan
A: Usually this is a real risk. Being a counselor, I know it's very hard sometimes to know how much to tell a client, and when. I also have to figure out if it's helpful to share that information, for the client, rather than just sharing clinical tidbits or jargon that makes sense to only me.
When working with someone who might have Dissociative Identity Disorder, this is a very complicated process. If the therapist tells too much, too soon, then people in the system may feel like the therapist "knows too much" (unsafe), "told my secrets" (untrustworthy), or worse "doesn't know what they are talking about!" (disconnected, not listening, not a good counselor, making up illnesses, pushing medications, etc.). The reactions from clients could be firing the therapist, refusing to seek outside help from referral sources (like medications), increased self-harm or suicidal thoughts, or severe loss of progress and trust in the counseling relationship.
Counselors should be able to tell you some basics, like what is my current diagnosis, are we making progress, are we a good fit, do we have an agreed upon set of boundaries or rules that both sides feel comfortable with, is medication an option or even recommended, are there other types of treatment or self-care things I can be doing to help my recovery?
I also don't like to share my notes because they are hard to read (handwriting), hard to understand (usually fragments or phrases that make sense to me), or are required but not therapeutically required (i.e., required by insurance companies for billing). I may also choose to leave out certain things from a chart because they are highly private and I don't think they are specific to the treatment, but I want to protect my client's confidentiality. For example, if I'm working with a client for anxiety that appears to be related mostly to a medical condition, I may opt to leave out the fact that my client discussed their homosexual lifestyle one session because it isn't directly related to our focus and therefore should remain private from anyone else who may read that chart. I want to be a counselor, not an informant.
A: Usually this is a real risk. Being a counselor, I know it's very hard sometimes to know how much to tell a client, and when. I also have to figure out if it's helpful to share that information, for the client, rather than just sharing clinical tidbits or jargon that makes sense to only me.
When working with someone who might have Dissociative Identity Disorder, this is a very complicated process. If the therapist tells too much, too soon, then people in the system may feel like the therapist "knows too much" (unsafe), "told my secrets" (untrustworthy), or worse "doesn't know what they are talking about!" (disconnected, not listening, not a good counselor, making up illnesses, pushing medications, etc.). The reactions from clients could be firing the therapist, refusing to seek outside help from referral sources (like medications), increased self-harm or suicidal thoughts, or severe loss of progress and trust in the counseling relationship.
Counselors should be able to tell you some basics, like what is my current diagnosis, are we making progress, are we a good fit, do we have an agreed upon set of boundaries or rules that both sides feel comfortable with, is medication an option or even recommended, are there other types of treatment or self-care things I can be doing to help my recovery?
I also don't like to share my notes because they are hard to read (handwriting), hard to understand (usually fragments or phrases that make sense to me), or are required but not therapeutically required (i.e., required by insurance companies for billing). I may also choose to leave out certain things from a chart because they are highly private and I don't think they are specific to the treatment, but I want to protect my client's confidentiality. For example, if I'm working with a client for anxiety that appears to be related mostly to a medical condition, I may opt to leave out the fact that my client discussed their homosexual lifestyle one session because it isn't directly related to our focus and therefore should remain private from anyone else who may read that chart. I want to be a counselor, not an informant.
Tuesday, March 22, 2011
Is DID a lifelong diagnosis?
Q: Is the diagnosis of DID a lifelong diagnosis? - Anon
A: It depends on what your goal is in treatment (integration or healthy co-functioning). When many people ask this question what they are really wanting to know is if the trauma ever heals. Do the bad memories ever stop being so close to the surface?
"Time heals all wounds" can seem like a vicious lie when you are a survivor or have Dissociative Identity Disorder. One of the main problems with that saying is that time doesn't move normally when you have trauma in your life. It's hard to " just forget" or " move on" when parts of your brain are actually functioning as if they are still in the middle of the traumatic experiences. And research on PTSD and Trauma that looks at trauma processing and neurological functioning show this to be the case.
Recovery is slow and usually incremental. It may be hard to realize how far you've come in recovery. But those around you may see dramatic differences because they aren't living inside the chaos everyday. Add to that the issues that you face AFTER you get through therapy to process the trauma, learn to not rely on dissociation to cope, and then the time you may spend seeking integration. These can include recovering from addictions, learning coping and life skills, and learning to have health relationships and support network in your life. Recovery may be lifelong.
But yes, I have seen in myself and others that you can move from a place of chaos, abreactions and flashback, PTSD and frequent triggers to a healthy place. You can reach a point where you actually have a hard time retrieving some of the same memories that used to jump into your mind whenever they wanted. It's wonderful when you are able to control your memories instead of them controlling you.
Some people are afraid of losing memories. Don't be. When you move out of the "stuck in trauma overdrive" into a place where memories are stored naturally, then you do lose some of the details. But you don't lose the gist. You don't forget that you were hurt. You just forget the intense details that act as triggers such as specific smells or fabrics. And normal, healthy people do not have access to as many detailed memories as traumatic abuse survivors. Part of that is functional - the brain removes memories that are no longer needed to make room for new learning and new memories. Wouldn't you rather have that room for some newer, better, happier memories? Another part of it is consolidation - memories that are of similar events may be merged into more generic memories. For example, remembering abuse that occurred repeatedly but now no longer able to remember them each individually.
So Dissociative Identity Disorder will stay around as long as it is needed, or it can be improved and possibly ended through the hard work of recovery. Some people claim their alters just "went away" but all the times I've seen that they have actually suppressed their memories and alters and run the risk of it all coming apart again. They aren't done with recovery, they are in denial.
A: It depends on what your goal is in treatment (integration or healthy co-functioning). When many people ask this question what they are really wanting to know is if the trauma ever heals. Do the bad memories ever stop being so close to the surface?
"Time heals all wounds" can seem like a vicious lie when you are a survivor or have Dissociative Identity Disorder. One of the main problems with that saying is that time doesn't move normally when you have trauma in your life. It's hard to " just forget" or " move on" when parts of your brain are actually functioning as if they are still in the middle of the traumatic experiences. And research on PTSD and Trauma that looks at trauma processing and neurological functioning show this to be the case.
Recovery is slow and usually incremental. It may be hard to realize how far you've come in recovery. But those around you may see dramatic differences because they aren't living inside the chaos everyday. Add to that the issues that you face AFTER you get through therapy to process the trauma, learn to not rely on dissociation to cope, and then the time you may spend seeking integration. These can include recovering from addictions, learning coping and life skills, and learning to have health relationships and support network in your life. Recovery may be lifelong.
But yes, I have seen in myself and others that you can move from a place of chaos, abreactions and flashback, PTSD and frequent triggers to a healthy place. You can reach a point where you actually have a hard time retrieving some of the same memories that used to jump into your mind whenever they wanted. It's wonderful when you are able to control your memories instead of them controlling you.
Some people are afraid of losing memories. Don't be. When you move out of the "stuck in trauma overdrive" into a place where memories are stored naturally, then you do lose some of the details. But you don't lose the gist. You don't forget that you were hurt. You just forget the intense details that act as triggers such as specific smells or fabrics. And normal, healthy people do not have access to as many detailed memories as traumatic abuse survivors. Part of that is functional - the brain removes memories that are no longer needed to make room for new learning and new memories. Wouldn't you rather have that room for some newer, better, happier memories? Another part of it is consolidation - memories that are of similar events may be merged into more generic memories. For example, remembering abuse that occurred repeatedly but now no longer able to remember them each individually.
So Dissociative Identity Disorder will stay around as long as it is needed, or it can be improved and possibly ended through the hard work of recovery. Some people claim their alters just "went away" but all the times I've seen that they have actually suppressed their memories and alters and run the risk of it all coming apart again. They aren't done with recovery, they are in denial.
Saturday, March 19, 2011
Suicidal? Get help from the professionals!
Two social networking type sites that I frequent have had serious suicidal gestures from users this past week or two. And these aren't support type sites. I have mixed feelings about this.
On one hand I am grateful they said something that raised eyebrows and got other users to inquire deep enough to get to the root issue - suicidal thoughts with intent. On the other hand it frustrates me that people reach out in these secretive ways in places they know their comments could easily be overlooked as just stress or a bad day. After all, these sites aren't run by or moderated or otherwise staffed with professionals.
Maybe I'm also a bit jaded after having been around so many people who claim or even threaten suicide as a form of emotional distress or sometimes manipulation. Most of the time these folks have no intent, no plan, and are just acting up to reach out. But each false "wolf call" makes us all more jaded and unresponsive. And that makes us ready to lash out, belittle, ignore, or punish the next person who may be much more lethal and serious.
I've been in that suicidal place. I know how hard it is to reach out and also the fear of reaching out. And it's a battle you don't have the energy for when you're suicidal. But please, reach out to people who can help. Or be honest and tell your friends that you're suicidal and need them to help you find the pros. A hotline, 911, a hospital emergency room, anything but a covert remark on a social networking site that can easily be missed, misunderstood or seen too late. Your life is worth more than kinda-sorta asking for maybe-if-it-is-not-a-bother help.
On one hand I am grateful they said something that raised eyebrows and got other users to inquire deep enough to get to the root issue - suicidal thoughts with intent. On the other hand it frustrates me that people reach out in these secretive ways in places they know their comments could easily be overlooked as just stress or a bad day. After all, these sites aren't run by or moderated or otherwise staffed with professionals.
Maybe I'm also a bit jaded after having been around so many people who claim or even threaten suicide as a form of emotional distress or sometimes manipulation. Most of the time these folks have no intent, no plan, and are just acting up to reach out. But each false "wolf call" makes us all more jaded and unresponsive. And that makes us ready to lash out, belittle, ignore, or punish the next person who may be much more lethal and serious.
I've been in that suicidal place. I know how hard it is to reach out and also the fear of reaching out. And it's a battle you don't have the energy for when you're suicidal. But please, reach out to people who can help. Or be honest and tell your friends that you're suicidal and need them to help you find the pros. A hotline, 911, a hospital emergency room, anything but a covert remark on a social networking site that can easily be missed, misunderstood or seen too late. Your life is worth more than kinda-sorta asking for maybe-if-it-is-not-a-bother help.
That's not my name!
On Second Life I heard a song called "That's not my name " by the Ting Tings. It was an instant hit inside. Not only do we have a name that is difficult for many people to pronounce because it's unusual, but then you add in the Dissociative Identity Disorder. How often do you have someone inside who wants to argue that they aren't the body's name? How often do they want to have that argument when it's an outside person you'd never in a million years admit to being MPD to?!
Anyway, if you haven't heard it, or just want to see a really cool and cute video of the song, check out this SL of it:
http://chaffro.blogspot.com/2008/11/fuzznutz-music-video.html
Anyway, if you haven't heard it, or just want to see a really cool and cute video of the song, check out this SL of it:
http://chaffro.blogspot.com/2008/11/fuzznutz-music-video.html
Friday, March 18, 2011
Still alive!
Sorry we vanished there for awhile. I hate when that happens!
We have been dealing with some chronic illness and major job stress stuff for the past year. I am really shocked at how bad this past year has been. But we have survived. Yay.
I have felt very dissociated at times, and very empty at others. I think this crisis has caused more dissociation, less co-awareness, and few people wanting to be out. Most of us don't like pain, so when the body is stuck in chronic pain it's hard to get any volunteers. I can't blame them, I'd leave too.
But I am trying to keep the house running and the job stuff going. It's taking all the energy I have to keep my head above water. So it's hard to help mom and hubby through their own struggles now too. I feel bad about that. But I keep hoping that it will improve. For all of us.
So I have felt the need to write again so maybe that means people are willing to talk inside and outside again. See you soon!
We have been dealing with some chronic illness and major job stress stuff for the past year. I am really shocked at how bad this past year has been. But we have survived. Yay.
I have felt very dissociated at times, and very empty at others. I think this crisis has caused more dissociation, less co-awareness, and few people wanting to be out. Most of us don't like pain, so when the body is stuck in chronic pain it's hard to get any volunteers. I can't blame them, I'd leave too.
But I am trying to keep the house running and the job stuff going. It's taking all the energy I have to keep my head above water. So it's hard to help mom and hubby through their own struggles now too. I feel bad about that. But I keep hoping that it will improve. For all of us.
So I have felt the need to write again so maybe that means people are willing to talk inside and outside again. See you soon!
Friday, May 09, 2008
Treatment guidelines?
Q: How is Dissociative Identity Disorder treated? What about children who have DID? - Peter
A: The International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation have created treatment guidelines for Adults and Children with Dissociative Identity Disorder. These documents which cover diagnosis, assessment, and treatment information can be attained here.
Additional books that may be useful include:
Dissociative Identity Disorder: Diagnosis, Clinical Features, and Treatment of Multiple Personality by Colin A. Ross
Not Trauma Alone: Therapy for Child Abuse Survivors in Family and Social Context by Steven Gold
Rebuilding Shattered Lives: The Responsible Treatment of Complex Post-Traumatic and Dissociative Disorders by James A. Chu
A: The International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation have created treatment guidelines for Adults and Children with Dissociative Identity Disorder. These documents which cover diagnosis, assessment, and treatment information can be attained here.
Additional books that may be useful include:
Dissociative Identity Disorder: Diagnosis, Clinical Features, and Treatment of Multiple Personality by Colin A. Ross
Not Trauma Alone: Therapy for Child Abuse Survivors in Family and Social Context by Steven Gold
Rebuilding Shattered Lives: The Responsible Treatment of Complex Post-Traumatic and Dissociative Disorders by James A. Chu
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